I was recently in Springfield, Massachusetts, visiting the headquarters of Merriam-Webster, the oldest dictionary publisher in America and one of Britannica’s sister companies. While waiting for a meeting, I was paging through their most elaborate version – The Third International Edition, with almost half a million entries covering three thousand pages. Leafing through the densely printed pages, an old thought came back to me –
What if we make radio contact with an extraterrestrial civilization, and the only thing we can transmit is text, and we transmit the entire text of this dictionary, what can they learn from it?
A dictionary is a strange thing – it defines each word in terms of other words, all of which can also be found in the same dictionary. It is a perfect example of a totally closed system. Without the illustrations, it is as air tight as a closed system can be. With such a system, is there any intrinsic information content? In other words, what can our extraterrestrial friends learn from this huge book? Anything? Something?
What they can definitely learn by analyzing all the sentential structures in the syntax of the English language. There are known techniques to derive the syntax of a language from a large collection of sample sentences. The dictionary is full of sample sentences. Moreover, it has definitions of each and every word used in the dictionary. Therefore it should not be too difficult for an intelligent race to figure it out. With this knowledge the aliens can write an endless variety of perfectly correct English sentences. The question is, will they know anything about what they mean? Most probably not, since there is no clue in the dictionary to figure that out. The illustrations could have been a clue, even just a few of them, but that was not part of our transmission. The closed system has no leaks through which the real universe can enter the closed world of tangled words. If we include the page numbers then it is almost certain that they can figure out our number system.
Taking it a step further, let’s say we transmit all the English language books in all the libraries of the world and just to make sure we got it all, let’s also add the entire web – once again, just the text and nothing else. Will that give them any more to work with? Of course now they have everything we have ever written in the English language – all of our literature, science, religion, philosophy, history, plus the mountain-load of web content we are creating everyday, including this blog post. But still, with no external clues, our alien friends may be able to write flawless English now, and this time the text they produce will not only be grammatically correct, but through clever statistical analysis of the vast collection, they may even be able to write more “meaningful” and better quality English. But still they will probably have no idea what they are talking about.
Let’s imagine we extend it even further by including all text written in all human languages, including all the side-by-side bilingual books and bilingual dictionaries. Now they may be able to form the grammar of all known languages, and even be able to translate a piece of text from one language to another. But still they probably won’t understand a thing. It will not be too different from the automated translators that we use on the web – it does translate, purely on the basis of logic and statistics, without any understanding of the content.
However, if our text included mathematical texts, then it should be possible for them to get some very significant clues. A school arithmetic text that includes a few equations like “2 + 3 = 5” would let them figure out our number system and the meanings of the mathematical operators. This is so not just because the mathematical language is very precise, but because mathematics deals with universal and self-consistent truths. With that starting point, it is not only possible to figure out the rest of our mathematical literature, but it may provide clues into some of our English language words that are often used in mathematical texts, such as “if”, “then” etc. Like rock climbing, once you have a toe hold, it is possible to conquer a lot more.
If my conjecture is correct, then this is a bit counter-intuitive. The sum total of all the text we have collectively produced over the ages does not add up to anything more than a gigantic closed system with no real information value outside of this closed system. It is also interesting to contemplate the opposite scenario. If we receive a massive amount of text from somewhere else – a very long series of symbols, we may not be able to extract any real semantic meaning out of it other than the syntactic structure of the language. It is difficult to imagine that with all our intelligence and ingenuity, and all of our code breaking skills, we would still fail to make any sense of anything. What makes code breaking possible is come common experience between the writer and the reader. In our scenario the only common experience are universal truisms such as mathematics.
Older Comments (2)
1. Abhijit Sarkar said on 3/28/13 - 04:50AM
The assumptions underlying the piece appear to be: (i)The extraterrestrial recipient of the text (ETR) is familiar with the idea of "text". Basically, they are assumed to have "text" as an experience in common with us. (ii) ETR inhabits a social environment where transformation of thought into visible symbols is practised in order to communicate such thought to viewers or "readers" of the symbols. What happens if in the ETR's world, text as we know it, does not exist? If it does, will it not constitute an experience in common with us?
2. Kunal Sen said on 3/28/13 - 01:53PM
I think any intelligent being out there must have some mechanism to symbolically represent their acquired knowledge and pass it on to others. Without that ability we would be no better than our stone age ancestors, because our brains remain almost the same. Therefore, any intelligent entity must necessarily have some form of language, and therefore should be able to interpret our "text" as a series of symbols. The main question I have is, irrespective of any aliens, whether a dictionary in isolation have any useful information content, or is it just a closed system that has zero meaning outside of itself.
What if we make radio contact with an extraterrestrial civilization, and the only thing we can transmit is text, and we transmit the entire text of this dictionary, what can they learn from it?
A dictionary is a strange thing – it defines each word in terms of other words, all of which can also be found in the same dictionary. It is a perfect example of a totally closed system. Without the illustrations, it is as air tight as a closed system can be. With such a system, is there any intrinsic information content? In other words, what can our extraterrestrial friends learn from this huge book? Anything? Something?
What they can definitely learn by analyzing all the sentential structures in the syntax of the English language. There are known techniques to derive the syntax of a language from a large collection of sample sentences. The dictionary is full of sample sentences. Moreover, it has definitions of each and every word used in the dictionary. Therefore it should not be too difficult for an intelligent race to figure it out. With this knowledge the aliens can write an endless variety of perfectly correct English sentences. The question is, will they know anything about what they mean? Most probably not, since there is no clue in the dictionary to figure that out. The illustrations could have been a clue, even just a few of them, but that was not part of our transmission. The closed system has no leaks through which the real universe can enter the closed world of tangled words. If we include the page numbers then it is almost certain that they can figure out our number system.
Taking it a step further, let’s say we transmit all the English language books in all the libraries of the world and just to make sure we got it all, let’s also add the entire web – once again, just the text and nothing else. Will that give them any more to work with? Of course now they have everything we have ever written in the English language – all of our literature, science, religion, philosophy, history, plus the mountain-load of web content we are creating everyday, including this blog post. But still, with no external clues, our alien friends may be able to write flawless English now, and this time the text they produce will not only be grammatically correct, but through clever statistical analysis of the vast collection, they may even be able to write more “meaningful” and better quality English. But still they will probably have no idea what they are talking about.
Let’s imagine we extend it even further by including all text written in all human languages, including all the side-by-side bilingual books and bilingual dictionaries. Now they may be able to form the grammar of all known languages, and even be able to translate a piece of text from one language to another. But still they probably won’t understand a thing. It will not be too different from the automated translators that we use on the web – it does translate, purely on the basis of logic and statistics, without any understanding of the content.
However, if our text included mathematical texts, then it should be possible for them to get some very significant clues. A school arithmetic text that includes a few equations like “2 + 3 = 5” would let them figure out our number system and the meanings of the mathematical operators. This is so not just because the mathematical language is very precise, but because mathematics deals with universal and self-consistent truths. With that starting point, it is not only possible to figure out the rest of our mathematical literature, but it may provide clues into some of our English language words that are often used in mathematical texts, such as “if”, “then” etc. Like rock climbing, once you have a toe hold, it is possible to conquer a lot more.
If my conjecture is correct, then this is a bit counter-intuitive. The sum total of all the text we have collectively produced over the ages does not add up to anything more than a gigantic closed system with no real information value outside of this closed system. It is also interesting to contemplate the opposite scenario. If we receive a massive amount of text from somewhere else – a very long series of symbols, we may not be able to extract any real semantic meaning out of it other than the syntactic structure of the language. It is difficult to imagine that with all our intelligence and ingenuity, and all of our code breaking skills, we would still fail to make any sense of anything. What makes code breaking possible is come common experience between the writer and the reader. In our scenario the only common experience are universal truisms such as mathematics.
Older Comments (2)
1. Abhijit Sarkar said on 3/28/13 - 04:50AM
The assumptions underlying the piece appear to be: (i)The extraterrestrial recipient of the text (ETR) is familiar with the idea of "text". Basically, they are assumed to have "text" as an experience in common with us. (ii) ETR inhabits a social environment where transformation of thought into visible symbols is practised in order to communicate such thought to viewers or "readers" of the symbols. What happens if in the ETR's world, text as we know it, does not exist? If it does, will it not constitute an experience in common with us?
2. Kunal Sen said on 3/28/13 - 01:53PM
I think any intelligent being out there must have some mechanism to symbolically represent their acquired knowledge and pass it on to others. Without that ability we would be no better than our stone age ancestors, because our brains remain almost the same. Therefore, any intelligent entity must necessarily have some form of language, and therefore should be able to interpret our "text" as a series of symbols. The main question I have is, irrespective of any aliens, whether a dictionary in isolation have any useful information content, or is it just a closed system that has zero meaning outside of itself.
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